Jacobinism Jacques Guilhaumou (*)
Critical Dictionary of Marxism.
Labica-Bensussan, Paris, Quadrigue / Presses Universitaires de France, 1999. First edition, 1982, pp. 622-626.
No es legítimo atribuir Antonio Gramsci was the originalidad una pregunta sobre el jacobinismo, "in integral sense that this notion has been historically and
should have the concept, " (Gr.
texte ds will
- GT, p. 245) ? would be like believing that the other" classics of Marxism "Frankly speaking in politics without ever worrying about the concept of Jacobinism in particular. The latest work in this intellectual environment can lead to such an interpretation, and yet this is a red herring. In this respect the way followed hides the complex history the relationship between the French and the Marxist tradition and the labor movement, and prevents further explain the theoretical affiliation between Terror (Marx), Hegemony of people (Lenin) and Jacobinism (Gramsci), that does not realize and reason for everything is at stake in the Jacobin position
when analyzing each situation: the reference to real historical movement gives Jacobin Challenge Account in the analysis of situations: the designation of the real historical movement.
The translation of the concept of Jacobinism reaches its maximum efficiency in the Journal of prison, but never as a decoupled analysis of
issue of the French Revolution. What is working in Gramsci's texts, is the set of statements about the French revolutionary experience scattered philosophical and historical texts of Marx. The Italian Communist leader tries to develop a project of the young Marx
("La Révolution française: Histoire de la naissance de l'État moderne", IA, p. 602; MEV, 3, 537 [1]
)
in
a study on the "historical relationship between modern state born of the French Revolution and other modern states of continental Europe, (Cahiers de Prison, Gallimard, t.1, p . 156). [Gramsci] Compare the revolutionary path set by "the French terrorist apparatus, apparatus of hegemony dominated by the democratic political machines, the club sections, the model
modern state formation at the XIXe century, on: the "passive revolution." Define the strategy of permanent revolution to refer to events occurring in France from 1789 to 1870
(GT, p. 494). The associated "Jacobin force" the creation ex nihilo of a "national-popular collective will" (GT, p. 425) . The work to which Gramsci delivery progress to reconstruct complex Marx's thought on the French case, but rather seeks to extend the analysis of the Marxist tradition on the ratio of the Jacobins with civil society, the "Jacobin Party" with the modern state "(Quaderni del carcere, p. 2010 ) and thus to highlight the strategic concepts of "permanent revolution" and "national-popular Jacobin" (concept of "political hegemony" of "bourgeois alliance between intellectuals and the people", QDC, p. 1914).
Let
as the emergence of historical categories Jacobin in the texts of Marx and Engels. Early on, Marx was fascinated by the action of the "heroes of the French Revolution" by the tragic figures of Robespierre and Saint-Just: these "voices of the masses" (SF, p. 144 et seq; MEW 2, 125 sq.), "true representatives of the revolutionary forces, that is the only truly revolutionary class, the" innumerable mass "(IA, p. 204; MEW, 3, 161), these" political emancipation "( QJ, Aubier, 113, MEW, I, 367), which have produced "only political status"
the "political principle itself" (Cripol., p. 176; MEW, I, 319). A through "Revolutionary power", the "intellectual awareness of its value" and "general negative meaning associated with the nobility and the clergy" (Cridr., MEW, I, 389,, Aubier, p. 93) "Men of Terror "(SF) have produced an" abstract reality ": the" will "as the incarnation of the" principle of policy ", the" principle of the State "( marginal Reviews ...; MEW, I, 402,; trad . apud Grandjonc, Communist Marx et les Allemands à Paris , Maspero, 1794, p. 154). seems History of the Convention, the revolutionary assembly was "the summit of political power and political power" and than you can say who made the French Revolution "The classical period of political intelligence" (Cr. marginal., cit. ibid.). But only in the pursuit of a strategy class struggle against the events of 1848, Engels and Marx associate what should be the "land revolution" with the Jacobin historical categories. Communist leaders oppose the conquest "revolutionary" of the "legal ground" from the conservative bourgeoisie, "revolution without revolution" (Robespierre), the "legal title of the revolutionary people," a "social contract" (Rousseau) concluded between the people and the revolution (NGRh, II, pp. 234-235, MEW, 6, 112. The reference to 1793 will become a classic reference to the Marxist tradition. The French Revolution, together with the English Revolution, the " revolution European-style "has allowed" the triumph of the bourgeoisie and a new social system "(NGRh, II, p. 229; MEW, 6, 107) the" coincidence of a people's revolution and the emancipation of particular class. "So are recorded the characteristics of all anti-feudal struggle to the end: a" popular movement "to establish, in the Convention, the" great passionate struggle of parties "and updates the" right of the people's democratic act morally, through its presence on the behavior of constituent assemblies "(NGRh., II, P. 33; MEW, 5, 40) - the" Terror "," commoner method of ending the enemies of the bourgeoisie. " Features of which lacked new historical events, most notably the absence of the speaker. The European revolutions of 1848 only intended to engender a new generation of liberal deputies from the likes of 1789 (the lawyers liberal Rhenish Prussian national assembly) and "socialist spirit of system", "pedants of the old revolutionary tradition of 1793 "(" the party "French republican; NGRh, I, p. 181 and II, p. 85; MEW, 5, 133-134 and 448). 1793, tragic historical episode is reissued in the form of farce, of "tragi-comic achievements." Is a fundamental shift: the benchmark has lost Jacobin their ability to grasp the concrete reality, if the historical necessity of the moment. Lenin It will be translated Jacobin transformation into a revolutionary strategy of conquest of power. For him, a critical position is characterized by the criterion of specificity Jacobin. In What to do? , regarding the use in the social-democratic polemics in the history of the division of the French revolutionary bourgeoisie between the Mountain and the Gironde, Lenin states the only legitimate question for historical present: "Who is placed in the field of class struggle of the proletariat? ". It's how the social revolutionary Jacobin match, to be" inextricably linked to the organization of the proletariat, conscious of their class interests "(O., 7, p. 399). The "bourgeois democratic revolution type 1789" allowed "self-organization of the proletariat" (O., 8, "Revolution style style 1789 or 1848?"). The Convention is a "dictatorship of the lower layers of the proletariat and the petty bourgeoisie" (O., II, p. 51), these layers are "inferior" for "short periods of its hegemony exerted "A decisive influence on the degree of democracy that would benefit the country during the tens of years of evolution" calm "that followed" (O., 17, "Truths old but ever new.") The memory of "spirit of 1793" establishes "correspondence", "like", "historical analogies, but it is not copied to the Jacobins or identifying with them:" The example of the Jacobins is rich in lessons. It has not aged, but must apply to the twentieth-century revolutionary class "(O. 25," Who are enemies of the people " , June 1917, also p. 123-125).
In short, the Marxist tradition is clear instruction that will specify Gramsci's analysis of Jacobinism as political knowledge, as the first historical manifestation of politics as an autonomous science. We risk a hypothesis: the relationship of Jacobinism with the political aspect of the Marxist tradition is but a translation of the principle of equality dialectic . "Conscience is a man of another man as his equal and human behavior in relation to another man as his equal" (SF, p. 50; MEW, 2, 40-41) are a subjectivity in act, a practical policy translates into a strategy of class struggle. In this regard, Lenin emphasizes certain aspects a step away from La Sagrada Familia (O. 38, p. 25): "That M. Edgar compare for a moment the" égalité "French " awareness yes German, and if you'll notice that the second principle expressed in German, ie in abstract thinking, what the first says to the French is the language of politics and of intuitive thinking. " Gramsci said on several occasions, this "Jacobin language analysis" around the fact that the "legal and political language of Jacobins and the concepts of classical German philosophy "are" translatable parallel in one direction and the other "(QDC, p. 2028) as follows:" This move of the Holy Family is very important to understand one of the aspects of the philosophy of praxis, to find the solution to many apparent contradictions of the historical development, and to answer some superficial objections directed against historiographical theory (also useful in combating many mechanistic abstractions) "(Gt, p. 230).
BIBLIOGRAPHY .- J. Bruhat, The French Revolution and the formation of Marx's thought , Historic Annals of the French Revolution, No. 184, 1966; C. Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the state , Fayard, 1975; B. Conein, The style of Prince and the Jacobin policy in his Prison Notebooks , Proceedings of the Symposium Gramsci (Nanterre, Paris X, January, 1978); Auguste Cornu, Karl Marx's Stellung zur Französischen Revolution und zu Robespierre (1843 - 1845), in Maximilien Robespierre, hrsg. W. MARKOV, Berlin, 1961; V. Dalin, Lenin and Jacobinism , Annals of the History French revolution, No. 203, 1971, J. Guilhaumou, The French case in the Prison Notebooks: Permanent Revolution and apparatus of hegemony , proceedings Gramsci, J. Guilhaumou,
Hegemony and Jacobinism in the Prison Notebooks: Gramsci and Jacobinism
history, Brief History of the Maurice Thorez, No. 32-33, 1979; G. Labica, From equality , Dialectics, No. 1-2, 1973, VI Lenin, o., 8, 483 (Engels described as "true Jacobin social democracy"), 24-123; C . Mazauric,
Jacobinisme et révolution
, Paris, ES, 1984, H. Portelli, et Jacobinisme anti-jacobinisme de Gramsci , dialectique, n º 4-5, 1975; E. SCHMITT et M. MEYM, origin and character of the French Revolution Marx and Engels in from Old Regime to the French Revolution , Göttingen 1978th Entradas del
Dictionnaire Critique du Marxism
relacionadas con Ésta .- proletariat dictatorship you (pp. 323-332, Etienne Balibar); Egalite (pp. 379-382, Jean-François Corallo con participación de Georges Labicer);
Gramscism
(pp. 509-514 - Christine Guci Gluksmann); hegemonies (pp. 532-538, Christine Guci Gluksmann); Révolution française (pp.1011-1012, Jacques Guilhaume ; Social-démocratie (pp. 1052-1056, Hugues Portelli); Terrorisme (pp. 1140-1142, Gerges Labicer). Abbreviations
- MEW Marx-Engels Werke. Berlín, Dietz-Verlag, 39 vol. ES Editions sociales, Paris. O. Lenin, Collected Works, Moscow, Paris, 47 vol.
Cridr.
Introduction of 1843 KM
IA
German Ideology
NRGh. the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, KM / FE
SF Holy Family
QJ The Jewish Question
QP Prison Notebooks, Gallimard, GA. QDC
Quaderni del carcere, GA. GT
Gramsci in the text, AG.
(Traducción y Joaquin Miras Joan Tafalla)
[1]
N. T: 's edition People Grijalbo together is p. 664 and which has the subtitle Guilhaumou writes, the title is "bourgeois society and the communist revolution, and its last paragraph understand democracy -" the right to vote "as the abolition of the state and bourgeois society, not without something like policy and be reabsorbed into civil society.]
- The dinner (Rector of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra) 
WONDERFUL 
