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Riazanov, editor of Marx disidente red

Public Ryazanov this comprehensive biography posted on the blog very interesting blog "fly cojonera"

http://fliegecojonera.blogspot.com/2006/09/riazanov-editor-de-marx-disidente-rojo.html

MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2006

Ryazanov, editor of Marx dissident red

Marx the unknown:

A great biographer of Marx, Boris Nikolaevsky, acknowledged in 1937 that for every thousand socialists, perhaps only one has read a work of Marx, and in a thousand anti-Marxist, none. Forty years earlier, in 1897 a great theorist and activist, spoke of Italian Antonio Labriola, wondered if the writings of Marx had been read by some reader entirely outside the core group of friends, partners and executors. Concluded prophetically if "the literary world, this situation adversely hermeneutics, was not one of those guilty of poor uptake, the apparent decline and crisis of Marxist thought. With pessimism inspired recapitulated in sentence: would not it be adequate access to his writings a privilege of "insiders"? Labriola-Nikolaïevski and not only they-were convinced that Marx always expect a bad destination readings, countless mistakes, bad exegesis, free outlandish masks and inventions. But they believed that Marx's work awaited him a fate worse incarnate as orthodoxies in games or future states rhetorically proclaim to be, without more, his "bottom."

Labriola noted another obstacle, even deeper and risky: the rarity of the writings of Marx and his inability to have reliable editions. The intrepid reader should happen, according to Labriola, for conditions more extreme than that of any scholar or historian to study documents of antiquity. From experience, asked: "Are there many people in the world who have the patience to ride for years ... in search of a copy of the

Misère of Philosophy

... or this book unique is the Heilige Familie

; people who are willing to endure, to have a copy of the

Neue Zeitung Reinisch, more hardships than it has to pass under ordinary conditions of today for any scholar or historian read and study all the documents of ancient Egypt? "(

Discorrendo di di socialism and philosophy , chart II). But pointing to a glaring danger of more long-winded and density: the daemon

of vulgarization: "How can we wonder that many, many writers, especially advertisers, have been tempted to take criticism from opponents, appointments or incidental, or inferences risky steps loose or vague memories, the elements needed to build a Marxism of his invention and his way? "We only noted a factual difficulty Marxism itself was born with and which led as a stigma to this day: the enormous difficulties in establishing and editing, with current scientific standards, his complete works. Labriola claimed the SPD, in possession of manuscripts (

Nachlass), which "would be a duty of the German party to give a full and critical edition of all the writings of Marx and Engels, I mean an issue accompanied in each case of descriptive and declarative prologues, benchmarks, notes and references ... have to add to the written and appeared in the form of books or pamphlets, newspaper articles, manifestos, circulars, programs and all the cards which, being of general public interest, have political and scientific importance. " Strict concluded: "There is no choice to make: we must make available to readers throughout the scientific and political work, the whole literary production of the two founders ... even the occasional. And it is not also put together a Corpus iuris, or write a Testamentum juxta canonem receptum, but pick carefully written and that they speak directly to those who would like reading them. " Simply that Marx can speak directly ... also acknowledged that life had been prevented from writing his works as Art charges faire le livre
, so their literature were fragments of a science and policy in constant evolution. Marxism, if there is anything I can call it that, was essentially an open system. Labriola had already scored with sufficient clarity not only the criteria of an editorial policy, but the material problems that come with objectives Nachlass of Marx (and Engels). The post of editorial challenge the party-would not guide the West, but a young country in civil war: the Soviet Russia.

An editor opponent of Lenin, Stalin enemy: World War of 1914-1918, coupled with the successful revolution in Russia in October 1917 - caused a hiatus forced and prolonged in the initial distribution, albeit slow, timid and manipulated, the Marx secret. But in the editorial work for the SPD began to see, so sometimes rude, manipulation and distortion that could suffer the Marxian manuscripts when its contents were crossed with the narrow interests of the "reason to party." And how in the end lost alchemy, not just the very thought of Marx, but potential readers and activists. The truth is that by 1910 in the Austro cultural sphere had begun to discuss the project of a complete works of M & E (the Austrian Social Democrats had already begun to publish a magazine marxología of enormous importance, Marx Studien, appeared between 1904 and 1923 in Vienna). Max Adler, Otto Bauer, Adolf Braun, Rudolf Hilferding and Karl Renner, the Austro Marxist luminaries are meeting in Vienna during the famous Konferenz January 1911 Ryazanov, a Russian Social Democrat, then work with the Berlin SPD file. The letter of intent of the plan is signed in Vienna on 1 January 1911 by Adler, Bauer, Braun, Hilferding, Renner, all Austro-Marxists, N. Rjasanoff. There are established by the primitive first editorial of a scientific edition of Marx and the first problem: Who will finance such a publisher? The SPD was not interested at all. On the horizon appeared the technical and financial needs of popular editions, the style of the future Werke. The preparations were interrupted by the outbreak of the Great War. But began to feel some sensitivity born of the need for a reliable complete edition of the writings of Marx. After the victory and consolidation of the Bolshevik revolution, the fate of Marx's writings seem to be touched, for the first time, after the goddess Fortuna. Take the power of a state is identified with his work and offers broadcast all resources at your fingertips. Would putting the new state an end to the capricious road map Marx's manuscripts and publish his work posthumously in a complete edition, scientific, objective, critical and prices popular? The man who could take seriously professional, intellectual honesty and efficiency this task within the Russian Social Democratic Party , as their previous work and his intellectual past beyond doubt qualified him to be the mastermind of such publishing company was undoubtedly a Ukrainian-Jewish, David B. Goldendach, nome de guerre : Ryazanov, Ryazanoff or Bukovica.

Russia, 1921: the pre-history of an open Marxism:
With Lenin in life and the civil war ended, and the dominance of one-party system since 1918, during the Ninth Congress of the VKP (b) Pansoviético Communist Party (Bolsheviks), a man of the old guard says "The British Parliament can do anything except change a man into a woman. Our Central Committee is much more powerful: it has changed over a revolutionary man good woman, and the number of good women is multiplied beyond belief. " In 1922 the same man has publicly opposed the death penalty in the case of summary execution of Socialist militants or militant socialists. Who was this crazy bold? Odessa, the great independent and cosmopolitan city in Ukraine, which in the words of Pushkin "you can smell Europe, can speak French and European press found" birthplace of David Zelman Zimkhe Berov Goldendach in the bosom of a wealthy Jewish family in a 10 March 1870. The city was home to a large Jewish community (in the 1897 census comprised 37% of the population). City sad Tsarist pogroms (1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, 1905). City economic-cultural support of Zionism. David

dit Ryazanov was one of the figures most capable, committed and relevant tense early years of Soviet history. Eccentric, with an exceptional memory, a volatile personality and romantic and infused with a boundless capacity for work. An old friend, Steklov, remembers "reading always and everywhere: while walking, in company with others, having dinner." Trotsky defined it as "organically incapable of cowardice, or patently obvious," adding that "any showy display of loyalty repugnant." Frequent opponent of the positions of Lenin (he considered himself a Bolshevik-Leninist) or the powerful Stalin (who on the campaign against Trotsky stopped at a conference with a "Leave it, Koba! Do not be ridiculous. Everyone knows that the theory is not your forte.") Lunacharsky Ryazanov called "arguably the most learned man in our party," but as independent and autonomous John Silas Reed describes him as a man-fraction, "as a minority objecting bitterly of one. "

David was revolutionary from his own adolescence, spend most of his youth in prison, deported or exiled. At 14 he was "secret mail" from populist to 16 was excluded from the Lyceum in ancient Greek failure. He is arrested for the first time in 1887. In the harsh conditions of prison life organizes czarist political prisoners about three things: gymnastics (morning and evening), smoking bans and fixed shifts of study (during which he was forbidden to make noise). In prison prepared readings of Marx and translated the writings of economist David Ricardo . In 1890, now in exile in Europe, with twenty years participating as Russian representative at the Brussels Congress of the Second International provides personal and political relations with the luminaries of European Socialism: August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, Eduard Bernstein, Rudolf Hilferding, Charles Rapoport, including Marx's daughter, Laura and her husband, Paul Lafargue. The necessity compels him to speak several languages \u200b\u200b(German, French, English is understood respectably in Polish and Italian). In the famous congress of 1903 in Belgium RSDLP, which produces the split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Ryazanov criticizes the new sectarianism of Lenin, the fetish undemocratic "democratic centralism" and the undemocratic tendencies of organization. Outside the two trends, a group organized and autonomous the finances of the Second International and struggle to build a socialist party copied the German model. He returned to Russia in 1905, entering military organizations metalworkers in St. Petersburg. In 1907 he was arrested, the flow of the revolution of 1905, and recalls, once again, the European exile. The next ten years will live in the West and is engaged in the interstices of his life activist, to investigate and write about the history of anarchism, socialism and the European labor movement. Write in the theoretical journal of the SPD led by Kautsky,

"Die Neue Zeit" he writes in the theoretical journal of Social Austrian led by Bauer, Renner and Braun, "Der Kampf"
(which translated to our tragic Julián Besteiro ). An important connection of love and militancy in these hard times he was the father of the Austro Carl Grünberg, founder of the unjustly forgotten Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung , known simply as the "Grünberg Archiv." Grünberg (1861-1940) Austrian-Romanian, was the first Marxist to gain access to a professorship at a university in the German Empire. The Archiv was released between 1910 and 1930, leaving fifteen numbers, paradoxically ended with the appearance of Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung Horkheimer, whose orientation changed completely for aggiornamiento to National. In journal published by the Institut für Sozialforschung (later the famous "Frankfurt School" founded in 1923 by the same Grünberg) wrote notable theorists of the emerging sociology, as Robert Michels

or Franz Oppenheimer, economists Henryk Grossmann, Marxist philosopher Rudolf Mondolfo , eminent jurists such as Hans Kelsen, to Kautsky, Mehring and the same Ryazanov ( as Rjasanoff: for example in 1916 presented an unpublished letter to Marx Jacoby). Korsch, Lukács, Max and Friedrich Adler, biographers and historians such as Max Nettlau , Gustav Mayer and Boris Nicolaiievski contributed to its pages, indicating numerous points of contact with the source of "Western Marxism" or non-Leninist and the work of disseminating the writings of Marx. Ryazanov acquired a deserved reputation as one of the most authoritative voices on Marx, Engels and the history of Marxism. His major works from this period are on Marx and czarist Russia, Marx and journalistic work, Engels and the Polish question, most published in German and then in Russian Lenin's theoretical journal "Prosveshchenie" or in the newspaper's wing left "Sovremennii Mir." In 1909 he obtained a commission as Benutzer (user) of the Stiftung Anton Menger, who possessed an invaluable library of classical anarchists and socialists (around 16000 volumes), to edit documents Ist International. This job allows you to enter important libraries and archives throughout Europe. Besides his friendship with Bebel and Kautsky allows free access to the vast library of the SPD and the deposit of the Nachlass (manuscripts) of Marx and Engels. His friendship with Marx's daughter Laura Lafargue, gives the possibility to investigate the family archives. For example, in 1911 while ordering this file found several drafts of letters in-octavo unpublished polemics were From Marx to Vera Zasulich (those able to publish only in 1923). At this point one could say that contemporary Ryazanov "known to the semicolons from the writings of Marx and Engels." And he was right. The SPD urge him to continue the outreach work irregular Mehring forgotten or unpublished works. Towards the edge of 1917 Ryazanov was able to publish two volumes of the early writings of Marx and Engels 1850, including about 250 items unknown to the general public as daily "The New York Tribune" , "The People's Paper" and "Neue Oder Zeitung . Of course not stopped the militancy, had outstanding participation in the schools belonging to the internal divisions RSDLP: in 1909 with Aleksandr Bogdanov , the Bolshevik-Leninist leader and his cadre school in Capri (funded by Maxim Gorky) in 1911 at the School of Longjumeau (Paris), led by Lenin. At that time was allied with Trotsky, Plekhanov-face tandem Lenin and collaborating in the Menshevik newspaper "Golos". War exploded in 1914, participated in the Zimmerwald Conference organized by socialist critics of socialchauvinismo and imperialism. The February Revolution of 1917 as living in exile in Switzerland. He returned to Russia in May, via Germany and Poland as Lenin had done a month earlier, along with 280 comrades of all colors and coat (from the leaders of the Menshevik Martov and Axelrod, a Socialist and anarchist). Militate in "Mezhraiontsy" , a group founded interdistrict Petersburg in 1913, the Bolsheviks-Leninists, and internationalist Left Mensheviks (from other: Trotsky, Lunacharsky, Sukhanov, Joffe, Uritsky, etc.). The aim of the platform was to unify the two factions of RSDLP. In July-August merge with the Bolshevik-Leninists after the attempted coup. Ryazanov becomes one of the most prominent speakers and activists before October '17. He was elected to the presidency of the Second Congress of Soviets and all executive member of the Central Council of Trade Unions of Russia. In October opposes "putsch" and armed insurrection given by Lenin. After taking power, he works as an executive member of the Commission on Education ( Narkompros ) under the direction of Lunacharsky. He opposes the party's positions on many crucial issues: supports the existence of a multi-party Soviet system, and continues to call Mensheviks and Socialist "comrades." He opposes the dictatorship of the Central Committee, the co-opting a finger, the use of force and repression against workers' parties, the dispersion of the newly elected Constituent Assembly (dominated by Mensheviks and SR's), to the repression of the Social , the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In the debate on the union issue facing Lenin and Trotsky, defend the independence and autonomy of trade unions. Bravely fight for free expression in party, the legality fractional genuine democracy. A quixotic crusade against bureaucracy. His prestige, intellectual and activist, does anyone have the authority to expel or attempt to silence him (even Lenin). But little by little was neutralized their influence, first in the union. Ryazanov not intimidated, and Lenin died and during the Party Congress in 1924 states: "without the right and responsibility to express our opinion this can not be called Communist Party." In a speech at the Kommunistischeskoi Akademii (the red Teachers Academy was created in 1918) states the same year: "I am not a Bolshevik, Menshevik am not, and I'm not Leninist. Just a Marxist and a Marxist I am a Communist. " I knew I was doomed. Ryazanov was named director of archive services of the young republic into civil war and international intervention in disguise. Will be working with skill and enormous energy between 1918 and 1920. Rescuing libraries, documents and archival materials from the different states and government earns the respect and loyalty of many non-academic specialists and Bolsheviks, especially at the University of Moscow. In late 1920 the Central Committee promotes the idea of \u200b\u200bfounding a Museum of Marxism, "Ryazanov idea transformed into something else: an Institute, a laboratory in which historians and activists to consider, in the most favorable conditions, the birth, development and maturation of the theory and practice of scientific socialism and, at the same time, be transformed into a media center ( "scientific propaganda" in the words of Ryazanov) Marxism itself. The CC approved in January 1921 the foundation of Marx-Engels Institute (EMI), which will run from December 1921 in the palace expropriated a year before the princes Dolgorukov, located in the neighborhood Znamenka, formerly the Malo-Znamenky sector during Soviet Marx-Engels street (Znamenka again today). Ryazanov believed that Marxism (if there is something like that) could not be understood isolated from historical context. The institute will aim to study the classic relationship with the rich history of anarchism, socialism and the European labor movement. The IME includes a library, archives and a museum, divided into five departments ( Kabinetts ): Marx and Engels, history of socialism and anarchism, political economy, philosophy and history of England, France and Germany . Over the years he added another: I first and Second International, history of science, history, sociology, legal history, politics and the state, international relations, history of Marxism in the labor movement, etc. Six months after the EMI, under the jurisdiction of the Socialist Academy, is transferred to the jurisdiction of the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (which Ryazanov was a member). The goal? Remove to institute any direct control of the Communist Party. Ryazanov not succumb to the authoritarian spirit Partiinost (party mentality.) The EMI is beginning to be observed as a trainer of dissidents (from a staff of 109 members, only 39 had the card of the match). The heart of the institute was its library. Included not only school work on the history of anarchism, socialism, communism and the labor movement, but rare books, incunabula, newspapers, leaflets, manuscripts, first editions of classics (from Moro, Harrington to the "Communist Manifesto"). Ryazanov built this library in several ways. At first, the Institute was provided exclusively with libraries in Russia itself nationalized after 1917, such as that of Taniéev, containing an excellent collection of socialist writers and a rare collection of prints of the French Revolution. Of course, these sources were insufficient restricted by the very policy of tsarist censorship that prevented the entry of banned authors, including not only socialists or anarchists, but even liberal writers such as Renan Orientalist or social historians of the French Revolution, as Michelet . Ryazanov sought other options. One was the legal possibility of appropriating, in other libraries in the USSR, the EMI book deems necessary or unique. Another is that the IME was appointed the official repository of all new edition of a book (an act the same as the British Museum). The third is that he was given a large budget for travel or appoint scouts to buy materials for the institute worldwide. Ryazanov created an international network of correspondents allowed to seek and acquire rare books and manuscripts in all European capitals. One of them, which we wrote, was Souvarine Boris in Paris was another important Nikolaevsky Boris Berlin. He also tried to develop permanent contacts with Japan (Ohara Institute), Spain (through translator Wenceslao Roces) and England. Pointing to the past by the Menger Bibliothek, Ryazanov acquired in Vienna two very special collections on socialism, anarchism and labor movement. libraries were Mautner and Wilhelm Theodore Pappenheim (20,000 copies over a substantial archive of documents, manuscripts and personal papers of Lasalle). Also, Carl Grünberg, generously donated more than 10,000 copies of rare books, brochures , Pamphlets and newspapers of the labor movement. In 1921 the library purchase the neo-Kantian philosopher Wilhelm Windelband . In 1925 acquired the most extensive library dedicated to anarchist philosopher Max Stirner

owned by the poet, novelist and historian Scottish John Henry Mackay , some three hundred manuscripts and rare books 1200. According to a report dated 1 January 1925, the library of the Institute had 15,628 volumes chosen, and numerous manuscripts of Marx & Engels and myriads of other important documents in history and members of the Ist International, Saint-Simon, Fourierism all Babeuf, Blanqui and the revolutionary and reformist workers' movement in Europe (including a working paper published by Lassalle in his youth). Among the gems found by Ryazanov teams were the original newspapers in which Marx and Engels had collaborated, including the Vorwärts published by Marx in Paris in 1844, and the Rheinische Zeitung of 1842-43. In 1930 the library contained 450,000 volumes, mostly rare or incunabula. Ryazanov's work and financial support in a time of civil war, international siege, repression, riots (Kronstadt, Mackhno, Tambov) is amazing and tells us not only his ability but the extraordinary support in the upper echelons of the Bolshevik government . In those years, and Lenin, Ryazanov had the unconditional support of Kamenev, Bukharin and Kalinin.

Then he released his plan of complete works of M & E (including pre-Marxist authors) and recruited between 1923 and 1925 specialists in foreign languages \u200b\u200b(French, English, German) without regard to its old pre-1917 alignment . Since 1924 he launched an extraordinary impetus to the search and rescue of all documentary material to support the launch of the first MEGA (Marx-Engels Gesammtausgabe). His dream was a scientific publication in Russian and German. Ryazanov in 1925 signed an agreement with the SPD leadership and the Institut für ..., forming a publishing company would publish, in the form IME coordinated with Moscow, a volume of Marxist studies of regular occurrence, the Marx-Engels Archiv, German equivalent of the Russian version. For four or five years and all countries of Europe, EMI teams acquire numerous private collections including books, magazines, journals and rare collections of pamphlets, leaflets, proclamations and programs, which in some cases dated back to the origins of modern labor movement and socialism and anarchism. But in particular, sought to acquire all existing first editions of the works of Engels and Marx. Thus, together with the old legacy files and RSDLP narodniki the , was established in the Institute is unique in the world of its kind, a capital of qualitative information about Marx and Engels and the ideal time to begin the monumental complete edition designed by Ryazanov. The work was planned in forty-two volumes in -eighth (22.5 cm.) Is divided into four sections: I) Works philosophical, economic, historical and political, with the exception of "Das Kapital" (17 volumes); II) "Das Kapital ", followed by a completely new plan with all drafts and unpublished manuscripts (13 volumes); III) All correspondence of Marx and Engels reproduced verbatim and literally (10 volumes); IV) Summary general (2 volumes). executor who held the rights and copyrights Testamental the literary heritage of Engels and Marx (including the personal library of both) remained in 1921, the SPD, so it was, of course, the leading provider the Institute. Opened its files jealous Ryazanov teams, empowering them to make photocopies without restriction allowing in fact a virtual transfer, to Moscow, of all the precious manuscripts. The same facilities will have been agreed by other institutions, foundations, personal files and public libraries in the photocopied British Museum in New York Library, the library of the former Prussian State in the historical archives of Cologne, etc.. all letters, papers and manuscripts of Marx and Engels and, along with documents on the history of European labor movement and popular. Reluctant even fatal to Bolshevism, as the leader of revisionism, Eduard Bernstein , in whose hands Engels had laid important manuscripts (in his possession, among others, the manuscripts of the Deutsche

Ideology of 1845-1846) gave up editing a personal project by donating new material. In a "pamphlet" published in 1929, Katalog Izdanij, Ryazanov reported on how the old project of a "museum of Marxism" had become a true laboratory for researchers, academics, activists, cadres and members in general. Also emphasizes the crucial importance of the institution as amplifier and disseminator of real thought of Engels and Marx in Russia and Germany. In parallel, initiated a comprehensive policy of ancillary publications to accompany the MEGA project: two basic publications are planned: one year, the Archiv

K. I Marksa F.

Engel'sa and biannual journal Letopisi Marksizma (Annals of Marxism) thirteen numbers appeared between 1926 and 1930. As Letopisi Marksizma , many articles were published in the German version of Pod Znamenem Marksizma
, Unter dem Banner des Marxismus , which began to publish in German in 1925. Although both were launched in Russia, he immediately tried to translate into German, in a huge effort as political-ideological Marx-Engels Archiv. The Archiv had two cycles, marked by the defeat of the German revolution and purge Ryazanov. The first stage lasted from 1924 until 1930, published five issues in Russian, appearing as editor Rjazanov DB; the second cycle was started only in 1933 with the No. 7, editor: V. Adoratskij; was maintained the continuity of the numbering in the first three numbers (6, 7 and 8), to eventually be renumbered as new series. The latest issue, No. 18, was released in 1982. Ryazanov while trying to maintain an annual rate, Stalinism was to take ten years between volume and volume. The organization "inside" the Institute was provided in a detailed booklet of forty-four pages, written by A. Udalcov now incunable, published in Moscow in 1926: Bjulletin 'Instituta K. I Marksa F. Engel'sa . Undoubtedly the publishing company to a politically pointed ideological struggle against revisionism, the popularization and trivialization of Marx.

The effort did not end here: he had designed a "Library of Materialism," with critical editions of Holbach, Hobbes, Diderot, La Mettrie, etc., The complete works of key figures of the world socialist movement, as GV Plekhanov (the father of Russian Marxism and leader of the Menshevik!), Karl Kautsky (the renegade 21 volumes in-octavo !), Antonio Labriola, Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Paul Lafargue. In addition, a "Marxist Library, including annotated editions of the classics of Marxism, including the care of Ryazanov version of Communist Manifesto, a" Library Classics of Political Economy, Adam Smith, Ricardo, Quesnay. Of course, annotated editions of Hegel and Feuerbach. Another goal was to publish a wide Ryazanov and unsurpassed intellectual biography of Marx. Never able to complete this work, as happened to Engels. His two major works from the '20s approach this desire: a popular report on the life and thought of Marx & Engels (1923), based on readings in the Socialist Academy (the English version is on the editorial clarity Buenos Aires, no date, the cave of "Boedo Group") and a collection of essays, Ocherki Marksizma po istorii (1923), in two volumes, a reprint of his pre-revolutionary writings (in English must be traced in their spread). Ryazanov was not an original thinker or a creative vanguard: in these works exposed to Marx in his writings, the documents speak for themselves. His relationship with the Nachlass of Marx and Engels may be called "mercy positivist" means the document is the essential element in historical research. In 1927 he received the Lenin Prize. In 1928 one of the few Marxist members of the Academy of Science. In 1930 Ryazanov reaches the zenith of his career. Is internationally recognized and its position in the USSR, Stalin, is apparently safe. In ten years the institute has risen in the world center for studies on Marx or European social history. It is a Mecca to researchers around the world: in 1929 there comes a brilliant young Yankee philosopher Sidney Hook to work in his library. They visit people like Kautsky, Clara Zetkin, Bela Kun, Emile Vandervelde, Albert Thomas, Charles Rappoport, Henri Barbusse, Maxim Gorky. International partners including Georg Lukacs (who first read the "1844 Manuscripts" critical for its evolution), Friedrich Pollock (of the "Frankfurt School"), etc. Ryazanov has been building a small house adjacent to the palace, where he manages the institute as a Grand Seigneur . You can see it in the garden by removing the snow, helping the cleaning staff to strengthen its strict ban on smoking.

Victor Serge, anarcho-communist who lived in the USSR, has left us a vivid portrait of their Ryazanov Memoires d'un révolutionnaire : "Ryazanov, one of the founders of the Russian labor movement (which led the Marx-Engels Institute) amounted to sixty years the cusp of a destiny that may seem exceptional success in times so cruel. Had devoted much of his life to the most scrupulous study of the biography and the texts of Marx, and the Revolution was showered, in the Bolshevik Party independence of spirit was respected. He alone had risen steadily out against the death penalty, even during the terror, constantly demanding the strict limitation of the rights of CHEKA and then GPU. The heretics of all kinds, socialists, Mensheviks or opponents from right and left, found peace and work in your school, provided they have love of knowledge. He was still the man who had said in full conference: "I am not of those old Bolsheviks who tried Lenin twenty years old fools." I had met him several times: big, strong arms, thick beard and mustache and white, looked tense, facing Olympic stormy temperament, ironic word ... of course stopped his collaborators often heretical, and he defended them with circumspection. Entry was free for all parties, their leaders feared a little frank talk. " A little? IME visit Stalin in 1927 and saw the portraits of Marx, Engels and Lenin, Ryazanov asked: "Where's my picture?". Ryazanov replied: "Marx and Engels are my teachers, was my comrade Lenin. But what are you to me? ". In 1929, at a party conference, said: "The Politburo and requires no Marxist." Refuses to participate in the splendors of obsequiousness and cult of personality in the fiftieth anniversary of General Secretary Stalin. Choose your partners for their ability: to be exiled Trotsky in Alma-Ata contacts you ... to work on the critical edition of the works of Marx "Herr Vogt" ! The celebrated Soviet press during the 10 and March 11, 1930, birthday sixties as a national event. Appears jubilee book entitled "In the battle stations," they write in their honor Bukharin, Kalinin, Rykov and other figures of the Nomenklatura. In an official statement of the Central Committee of VKP (b) signing Stalin himself, he announces a promising future of loyal service to the party and glorifies him as "an indefatigable fighter for the triumph of the ideas of the great masters of international proletariat: Marx, Engels and Lenin. " As Bardamu-Céline said: "When the great of this world begin to love you is because they will become cannon fodder ... It is the sign. Is infallible. " In less than a year Ryazanov is arrested, imprisoned, exiled and expelled not only the institute but the Communist Party.

The February 15, 1931 GPU invented stops him under the plea of \u200b\u200breceiving packages from abroad, from an alleged "International Menshevik." Is forced into exile in villages near Saratov , on the Volga. Only eleven volumes (of a proposed forty two) have appeared and seven are in progress (including the famous and unknown "Grundrisse ..." ). Some of his successor will continue, the apparatchiks Adoratskii Victor (who later would be "repressed" in 1940). Under their leadership were published between 1931 and 1935 six volumes of the MEGA team prepared by Ryazanov. In 1936 all activity stops publishing. The last gasp was the separate publication (in Russian only) in two volumes in 1940, Marx's manuscripts of 1857-58, the " Grundrisse der Kritik of Political Ökonomie." Stalinist method was complete: expulsion, imprisonment and death of its employees, suspension overall editorial plan, put under the hammer-piston printed tests, disappearance of all Russian and foreign public libraries; épuration of the works of Marx and Engels in editions of "popular", lightened of all learning . Stalin was gradually replacing the publisher of the MEGA publishing a series of isolated, scattered, with no set plan or philological and doxographical criterion.

Ryazanov lives on the banks of the Volga. Condemned to misery and hunger, decay mental and physical. Libraries and the publications are ordered to expunge his works and editions of Marx. There is no more, simply. Lives just to translate short texts for the local university. Share your poor diets with dozens of starving during the famine of 1932-1933 (four years later this "activism" will be considered a treacherous anti-Soviet move.) On June 11, 1937 the world was shocked by the news of the beheading of the entire dome of the Soviet Army. The general decline in red terror unleashed an explosion of national, directed against the leaders control of all levels and in all areas. For Stalin suppressed the first time large numbers of people who had never been opened and that opponents were always aligned with him in internal party disputes. The new policy was to destroy all those suspected of disloyalty, past, present or imaginary with respect to the group leader Stalin. Blind terror and mass. During that year the "troika" (courts ad hoc three persons) 688,000 dictate sentences, most sentences squad. Stalin liquidated the entire party leadership in Saratov. Ryazanov hoped his arrest that occurred on the night of July 22, 1937. We have to rebuild their tough questioning by the NKVD now of Yezhov : Ryazanov refuses to play the role of repentance, is not in the game of betrayal. And again denied the allegations crazy. In Nomenklatura no use for the public ritual. On January 19 the Attorney General of Saratov gives him a six-page long indictment, which among other complaints noted the "extreme hostility Ryazanov staff with respect to Comrade Stalin." On January 21, 1938 is deemed closed. The meeting opened at 19:45 am and closes at 20:00. Military College Supreme Court of the USSR, Saratov region, condemned to death for belonging to a "Trotskyite terrorist organization" and "spreading slanderous inventions of the Party and Soviet power." Is executed. The human tragedy of the Stalinist terror extended family and friends. We know that Stalin, Molotov and other Politburo members routinely approved the lists of women (mothers, wives) and children of the debtor Ennemis Peuple that should be suppressed. The next day they are arrested their relatives. The next day, agents of the NKVD arrived at their humble dacha to fulfill the last part of Case: confiscation of personal property and destruction of the useless. They loaded all his books at the back of a truck. The remaining papers and notes Ryazanov were scattered on the ground to feed the fire, including everything that was on his study desk. Including a portrait of the young Engels with an inscription dedicated hand of Marx's daughter, Laura. "Who is this?" Asked one of the militiamen with their blue-red cap to his granddaughter. "It Engels" responded. "And who is Engels?" Replied the agent while throwing the daguerreotype to the flames.

FLIEGER cojonera POSTED BY AT 2:04 PM

3 COMMENTS :

Villasenor Dario said ... Again, congratulations for this excellent article. The references are so abundant that have me pretty busy. Thanks for your work.

9:41 PM